IMPACT OF OBESITY ON THE INNATE IMMUNE RESISTANCE PATTERN RECOGNITION
ASHFAQ AHMAD SHAH
Research scholar Microbiology, Department of Life Science, Graphic Era University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
In India, prevalence of obesity and overweight is elevating quicker than the world average. It can be inferred from the prevalence of overweight that increased from 8.5% to 16.5% between 2000and 2018 and the prevalence of obesity that increased from 2.5% to 5.5% over the same period.Such increasing rates correlate to diets loaded with saturated fats. Apart from Indian diets beingsupersized, lack of physical exercise is another factor contributing it. Recently a number of studies have revealed the impact of obesity on the functioning of immune system. it is innateimmune arm that gets most influenced. Innate immune system is a versatile system of sensoryand response molecules that is initially ready to take a note of invasion by foreign microbes.Binding of microbial conserved motifs termed Microbe associated molecular patterns (MAMP’s)for example, LPS, lipoteichoic acid, peptidoglycan, mannose-rich glycans and host cell damage products termed Damage associated molecular patterns ( DAMP’s) to Pattern recognitionreceptors (PRR’s) for example toll like and NOD like receptors that are present on the main player cells of innate immune system (e.g. Macrophages, Dendritic cells, Neutrophils) triggersthe gene activation in them to code inflammatory mediators so as to upregulate the inflammatory process. The main signaling molecules among them are cytokines that signals and alerts thewhole immune system to recruit army of cells and proteins for combating the foreign invader.Scientists from Batson to Tokyo revealed a series of papers which tell the amazing story of howthe elegant system of detecting MAMP’s and DAMP’s by phagocyte cell PRR’s gets upset whenwe ‘Supersize’.Visceral (belly) fat originally regarded simply as an energy reserve, is actually a specified tissuehaving macrophages, innate lymphoid cells, preadipocytes and other related cells held in a net of matrix proteins extracellularly along with lipid-laden adipocytes (fat cells). Normally adipocytes prepare pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines to maintain a balance between rival inflammatoryfunctions to keep a homeostasis which is prerequisite for tissue repair and regeneration functions.However, now studies have revealed a concreate correlation between elevating visceral fat(adipose) as seen in obese conditions and enhanced serum level of pro- and anti-inflammatorycytokines (adipokines). This is because visceral adipocytes along with their associatedmacrophages recognize saturated fatty acids as DAMP’s. This disturbs the normal inflammatory process which leads to elevation of one of the pro-inflammatory adipokine, interleukin (IL) 18and macrophage marker of inflammation, C- reactive protein (CRP) in obese persons. This inturn leads to low grade systemic and chronic inflammation which can pose a threat tocardiovascular system. Understanding the mechanism of how systemic inflammation is triggeredand regulated by MAMP’s and DAMP’s offers an insight of how human diseases and disordersreflect lifestyle choices.
In general, to reverse the effect of visceral fat on innate immune cell pattern recognition, physical exercise and antioxidant rich low-fat diet intake plays a cardinal role as both strategieslead to a leaner mass that is all the way beneficial for sound health
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